Vegan options at McDonald鈥檚 could have been a Saturday Night Live sketch ten years ago. But today, even non-vegans expect vegan options on restaurant menus.
This is hardly a surprise, with a recent Dalhousie University study estimating that vegetarians and vegans comprise nearly 10 per cent of the population, or 2.3 million Canadians.
defines veganism as seeking to eliminate 鈥渁ll forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose.鈥
This means not eating meat; wearing clothing made from animals, such as leather; or using items made with animal by-products, such as some glues or beers.
While tofu entrees or veggie burgers are relatively easy to stomach, insects aren鈥檛 for everyone. But they should be on menus to prevent more sentient animals from dying, according to some non-meat eaters who don鈥檛 fit the definition of a vegan.
For them, it all boils down to 鈥 which animals actually perceive or feel pain.
The Vegan Mac Daddy, as served at Doomie's Toronto, is seen in an undated handout photo. (THE CANADIAN PRESS / HO - Doomie's Toronto, Eva Lampert)
Veganism still accepts animal deaths
When people choose to go vegan they typically cite environmental concerns, personal health reasons and, perhaps most importantly, the desire to reduce harm to animals.
But even if everyone on Earth went vegan, plenty of animals would still be killed.
Even small-scale, plant-based agriculture kills 鈥渘ot just innumerable insects but also field mice, rabbits and rodents, deer and anything that competes with that crop,鈥 former vegan advocate James McWilliams told CTVNews.ca over the phone.
Every year, pesticides and neonicotinoids used for plant agriculture and bees respectively. Combines, threshers and harvesters , each year. The bottom line is that so-called 鈥渉umane鈥 foods will unintentionally kill or harm sentinent life. But that exact number of animals may be .
鈥淚鈥檓 certainly not going to make the argument that we need to stop eating plants, that鈥檚 just absurd,鈥 McWilliams said.
However, he believes there鈥檚 something else ethical eaters should do: supplement a plant-based diet with bugs and oysters, which some they have no perception of pain.
鈥淎n ethical vegan who鈥檚 only committed to eating plants might very well be contributing to more animal suffering than an individual who eats insects,鈥 he said.
Several combine harvesters work a wheat field, approximately 20-kilometres south of Lethbridge, Alb. on Monday, Aug. 13, 2001. (Adrian Wyld / THE CANADIAN PRESS)
Could eating fewer plants, more bugs lead to fewer animals dying?
McWilliams now considers himself 鈥渧egan-ish鈥 because despite not eating chicken, pork or beef and being conscious of where his food is coming from, he supplements a plant diet with insects 鈥減rimarily for ethical reasons.鈥
Most creatures, including wasps and fruit flies, have nociceptors which detect stimuli, including potentially painful ones. But there is an within the scientific community questioning whether creatures, , can even feel pain or consciously experience it.
One of the entomologists trying to determine whether insect suffer is Hans Smid of Wageningen University in the Netherlands, who studies parasitic wasps which are highly intelligent. But he鈥檚 鈥.鈥
He said insects don鈥檛 exhibit pain-related behaviours and, as such, don鈥檛 suffer.
McWilliams echoes some experts鈥 rationalizations that insects鈥 lifespans are so short that it would be a 鈥渨aste of evolutionary energy鈥 to develop systems like pain instead of advantages like faster reproduction.
These were the eureka moments for the former vegan to choose the intentional death of animals who feel no pain to reduce the . 鈥淚 basically talked myself out of veganism.鈥
鈥淚f you want to look at it on strictly utilitarian terms, the (vegan) argument just doesn鈥檛 hold up,鈥 McWilliams said, adding he doesn鈥檛 fit the bill of what it means to be a vegan anymore.
Raychel Santo, a senior research program coordinator at Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future in Baltimore refrains from eating bugs but said ethical eaters need to grapple with the discussion.
We need to stop thinking bugs are gross
But Raychel Santo, a senior research program coordinator at Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future in Baltimore 鈥 who is a vegan herself 鈥 says with the ramifications of considering bug diets as vegan.
She refrains from eating meat for several reasons: greenhouse gas emissions produced from , the to raise them and the before some of them are slaughtered.
But none of these issues apply to insects.
She and her graduate class from the food, space and society program at Cardiff University tried several insect dishes at the Grub Restaurant in Wales, U.K, where the menu included 鈥渂ug bhaji鈥 (an Indian fritter dish made with mealworms), bug burgers and entrees made with cricket flour.
Sarah Beynon, the entomologist who runs the restaurant, freezes the bugs before cooking with them but acknowledges the debate to kill them by shredding them, Santo wrote in .
Santo says conscious eaters should care less about adhering to vegan orthodoxy and suggests insect-diets could be 鈥渙ne part of our transition to a more sustainable food system.鈥
Oysters for sale are seen in this undated file photo. (Bayne Stanley / THE CANADIAN PRESS)
Some say oysters, mussels are vegan, too
Part of that ethical wrestling goes well beyond insects.
Diana Fleischman, an evolutionary psychologist and senior lecturer at the University of Portsmouth in the U.K., has been examining animal sentience for years.
She describes herself as a conscious eater but an ex-vegan because she doesn鈥檛 fit into the traditional definition.
鈥淚 specify that bivalves, particularly oysters and mussels 鈥 do not have what I think is the neural architecture to suffer,鈥 she told CTVNews.ca in a phone interview.
But in a , Fleischman said that although bivalves respond to noxious stimuli, they lack the neural hardware or response consistent with an ability to feel pain.
She compared bivalves to a 鈥渄isembodied finger鈥 without a brain.
Fleischman said unlike other animal farming, oyster and don鈥檛 kill other sentient life, which can be a byproduct to fish-based diets. She cites showing dismal number of species caught in fish or shrimp nets and promptly discarded.
She also said that oysters contain , which could be difficult to source in a vegan diet.
Fleischman explains that scientists categorize forms of life primarily based on evolution and tracing a common ancestor between species. But she argues that life should be re-categorized with sentience in mind.
Some philosophers and by trying categorize species based on if whether they鈥檙e sentient creatures (who are self-aware or not), inanimate objects and insentient organisms.
鈥淚f someone wants to maintain the spirit of veganism, then it makes sense to eat bivalves,鈥 Fleischman said.
Farming oysters improves the lives of other ocean creatures
McWilliams wholeheartedly agrees, and also insists that the argument vegans should eat oysters is even stronger than the case for eating insects.
He showing how oyster farms can help to which benefits other animals, which would bolster another pillar of veganism: caring for the environment.
鈥淚 think it鈥檚 not just permissible to eat oysters but they (vegans) would have an obligation to eat oysters,鈥 McWilliams asserts.
Fleischman said judging how much animal suffering goes into all of our meals should be crucial for any eater.
She referenced that goes into production of different types of meats and dairy products.
These were compiled by Brian Tomasik who runs the website 鈥,鈥 which examines ethical issues surrounding conscious eating.
This 鈥渦tilitarian calculation鈥 appealed to her because she said it 鈥渟eems like a way of putting ethics into practice.鈥
Vegan protesters gather outside of the Antler restaurant in Toronto on Saturday, March 31, 2018. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Chris Donovan
Labels like vegans or meat-eaters will become meaningless
This is why Fleischman doesn鈥檛 buy the argument that vegetarians, who still eat eggs and milk, are ethical eaters because of potentially troubling situations involved in chicken and dairy cow farming.
鈥淚 would sooner eat a piece of steak than I would eat an egg,鈥 she said, referencing an how 鈥渙ne egg has more deaths per calorie and a lot more suffering involved.鈥
But in the coming years, Fleischman said the categories of eaters, including herself, are bound to change even more.
Future discussions could include whether it鈥檚 ethical to eat 鈥渃lean meat,鈥 or meat grown from animal cells in laboratories, she said.
In the near future, these 鈥渃lean-meat-itarians鈥 will be 鈥渋ndistinguishable from people who are vegan,鈥 she said.
McWilliams said vegans are going to face tough choices but that it鈥檚 hard to say how the movement will adapt 鈥 if at all.
鈥淚f you concede the argument, you essentially have to do away with veganism because it has defined itself quite radically as not eating (or exploiting) animals,鈥 he said, adding that it could undermine the movement.
鈥淚 think there are other ways to eat ethically 鈥 you might need to come up with a new name,鈥 said McWilliams, who now more aligns with those on 鈥減eriphery of the food system.鈥
These outsiders could include people who eat roadkill and 鈥渇reegans鈥 who dumpster dive, who both argue that throwing away food is wasteful to the environment if it can still be eaten safely.
And if animals have already suffered but their meat and byproducts won鈥檛 be eaten, McWilliams said vegans can鈥檛 ignore the waste to the environment.
Fleischman said in the coming years, more conversations will involve people asking 鈥渉ow do I decrease my suffering footprint as much as possible?鈥 rather than just asking: 鈥淚s this vegan?鈥
