As wildfires continue to rage throughout large parts of Canada, new reveals neurological health consequences from breathing in excess wildfire smoke.

The findings, published in the Journal of Neuroinflammation and conducted by researchers at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences, shined light on how prolonged smoke inhalation 鈥� two weeks or more 鈥� could trigger brain inflammation.

This inflammatory process, which can persist for a month or longer, directly affects the hippocampus, the brain region associated with learning and memory, the study found. Researchers determined that wildfire smoke can alter neurotransmitters and molecules responsible for information retention in the brain.

The research was led by David Scieszka, a postdoctoral student who assessed the effects of rodents exposed to wood smoke every other day for a period of two weeks.

鈥淲e were trying to figure out if the stuff we saw in the wild could at least be partially figured out in the lab,鈥� he said in a

Scieszka and fellow researchers analyzed inflammatory responses in rodent brains as tiny particles from the smoke entered the 鈥渂lood-brain barrier,鈥� a lining of cells that conceal blood vessels in the brain.

鈥淲e were able to measure the inflammatory response amplitude and time frames,鈥� Scieszka said. 鈥淲e expected it to be a lot shorter. Some of it progressed out to 28 days and we didn鈥檛 see a complete resolution, and that was very scary to us.鈥�

Scieszka explained that the blood-brain barrier cells had adapted to the smoke exposure by the second week, but that the immune cells in the brain remained 鈥渁bnormally activated.鈥�

The study鈥檚 senior author, Matthew Campen, said these recent findings are alarming given how regularly people are being exposed to wildfire smoke in recent months.

鈥淣euroinflammation is the seed for all sorts of bad things in the brain, including dementia, Alzheimer鈥檚 disease 鈥� the buildup of the plaques 鈥� but also alterations in neurodevelopment in early life and mood disorders throughout life,鈥� he said in the release.

鈥淚f you鈥檙e a firefighter, or if you鈥檙e just a citizen in a community that has had some of these dramatic smoke exposures, you could be having neurocognitive or mood disorders weeks or months or weeks after the event.鈥�

Campen added that heavy concentrations of wildfire smoke should prompt people to remain indoors.

鈥淗ouses have varying penetrance of particulates. If you鈥檝e got an evaporative cooler, you鈥檙e just being exposed to the outdoor air, but a lot of houses will be much more protective.鈥�

N-95 masks offer protection to those who must leave their house despite poor air quality, he added.

Despite the fact that the human body is largely capable of adapting to chronic particulate exposure, Campen said periodic exposures could be reason for concern, even more so than baseline levels of pollutants with less fluctuation.

鈥淧art of what makes this so unique and worrisome is the intermittent nature of it,鈥� he said.

鈥淲e have rural communities that are otherwise enjoying clean beautiful air, especially in the Rocky Mountain region, and then all of a sudden they have suffocating levels of pollutants and it鈥檚 gone a week later. It鈥檚 a real hit to a naïve system.鈥�