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    • Russia's celebration of victory in Second World War is a key pillar of Putin's rule

    Russian Air Force Su-25 jets fly over Red Square during the Victory Day military parade in Moscow on Thursday, May 9, 2024.(Alexander Zemlianichenko / AP Photo) Russian Air Force Su-25 jets fly over Red Square during the Victory Day military parade in Moscow on Thursday, May 9, 2024.(Alexander Zemlianichenko / AP Photo)
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    Russia on Thursday wrapped itself in patriotic pageantry for Victory Day, a celebration of its defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War that Russian President Vladimir Putin has turned into a pillar of his nearly quarter-century in power and a justification of his military action in Ukraine.

    Even though few veterans of what Russia calls the Great Patriotic War are still alive 79 years after Berlin fell to the Red Army, the victory over Nazi Germany remains the most important and widely revered symbol of the country鈥檚 prowess and a key element of national identity.

    Thursday's festivities across Russia, led by Putin who this week began his fifth term in office, recall that wartime sacrifice in what has become its most important secular holiday.

    鈥淭he Victory Day unites all generations,鈥 Putin said in a speech at Red Square parade held in shivering cold with snow flurries. 鈥淲e are going forward relying on our centuries-old traditions and feel confident that together we will ensure a free and secure future of Russia."

    Nuclear power threat

    He hailed the troops fighting in Ukraine for their courage and blasted the West, accusing it of 鈥渇uelling regional conflicts, inter-ethnic and inter-religious strife and trying to contain sovereign and independent centers of global development.鈥

    Amid Russia-West tensions that soared to the highest level since the Cold War times over Ukraine, Putin also issued another stark reminder about Russia's nuclear might.

    鈥淩ussia will do everything to prevent global confrontation, but will not allow anyone to threaten us,鈥 he said. 鈥淥ur strategic forces are in combat readiness.鈥

    The Soviet Union lost about 27 million people in the war, an estimate that many historians consider conservative, scarring virtually every family.

    Nazi troops overran much of the western Soviet Union when they invaded in June 1941, before being driven back all the way to Berlin, where the USSR's hammer and sickle flag was raised above the ruined capital. The U.S., U.K, France and other allies mark the end of the war in Europe on May 8.

    The immense suffering and sacrifice in cities like Stalingrad, Kursk and Putin's native Leningrad 鈥 now St. Petersburg 鈥 still serve as a powerful symbol of the country's ability to prevail against seemingly overwhelming challenges.

    Displays of military might

    Since coming to power on the last day of 1999, Putin has made May 9 an important part of his political agenda, featuring displays of military might. Columns of tanks and missiles roll across Red Square and squadrons of fighter jets roar overhead as medal-bedecked veterans join him to review the parade. Many wear the black-and-orange St. George鈥檚 ribbon that is traditionally associated with Victory Day.

    About 9,000 troops, including some 1,000 who fought in Ukraine, took part in Thursday's parade.

    Putin, 71, talks frequently about his family history, sharing memories of his father, who fought on the front during the Nazi siege of the city and was badly wounded.

    As Putin tells it, his father, also named Vladimir, came home from a military hospital during the war to see workers trying to take away his wife, Maria, who had been declared dead of starvation. But the elder Putin did not believe she had died 鈥 saying she had only lost consciousness, weak with hunger. Their first child, Viktor, died during the siege when he was three, one of more than one million Leningrad residents who died in the 872-day blockade, most of them from starvation.

    For several years, Putin carried a photo of his father in Victory Day marches 鈥 as did others honoring relatives who were war veterans 鈥 in what was called the 鈥淚mmortal Regiment.鈥

    Those demonstrations were suspended during the coronavirus pandemic and then again amid security concerns after the start of the fighting in Ukraine.

    As part of his efforts to burnish the Soviet legacy and trample on any attempts to question it, Russia has introduced laws that criminalized the 鈥渞ehabilitation of Nazism鈥 that include punishing the 鈥渄esecration鈥 of memorials or challenging Kremlin versions of Second World War history.

    When he sent troops into Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2022, Putin evoked the Second World War in seeking to justify his actions that Kyiv and its western allies denounced as an unprovoked war of aggression. Putin cited the 鈥渄enazification鈥 of Ukraine as a main goal of Moscow, falsely describing the government of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who is Jewish and lost relatives in the Holocaust, as neo-Nazis.

    Putin tried to cast Ukraine鈥檚 veneration of some of its nationalist leaders who cooperated with the Nazis in the Second World War as a sign of Kyiv鈥檚 purported Nazi sympathies. He regularly made unfounded references to Ukrainian nationalist figures such as Stepan Bandera, who was killed by a Soviet spy in Munich in 1959, as an underlying justification for the Russian military action in Ukraine.

    Many observers see Putin鈥檚 focus on the Second World War as part of his efforts to revive the USSR鈥檚 clout and prestige and his reliance on Soviet practices.

    鈥淚t鈥檚 the continuous self-identification with the USSR as the victor of Nazism and the lack of any other strong legitimacy that forced the Kremlin to declare 鈥榙enazification鈥 as the goal of the war,鈥 Nikolay Epplee said in a commentary for Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center.

    The Russian leadership, he said, has 鈥渓ocked itself up in a worldview limited by the Soviet past.鈥

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