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    • Minds behind the missiles: North Korea's secretive weapons developers

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    North Korea鈥檚 flurry of new missile tests, including what it calls 鈥渉ypersonic鈥 weapons, has underscored the importance of the country鈥檚 missile engineers and scientists, a group that is high profile within his government but opaque to outsiders.

    Analysts say Kim Jong Un appears to be taking steps to institutionalize the missile forces, signaling his likely intent to make them a long-term, operational part of his military plans. Here's what we know 鈥 and what we don鈥檛 鈥 about these key personnel.

    THE SCIENTISTS

    Very little is known about the names and positions of the mid-level and working-level scientists and technicians involved in missile research and development.

    Analysts say these individuals appear to have guaranteed job security because of the resources and effort expended to educate and train them, and they are sequestered to special districts so they are neither a defection risk nor a political or social nuisance to the regime.

    鈥淯nlike economic cadres or even military commanders, this is a population that is not easily replaced,鈥 said Michael Madden, a North Korea leadership expert at the Washington-based Stimson Center.

    Many of them attend Kim Jong Un National Defense University, a training ground for North Korean defence-related science and technology specialists that has reportedly added a college focused on 鈥渉ypersonic missile technology.鈥

    The scientists and engineers often appear split into competing teams designing similar types of weapons, allowing them to go down multiple routes to see which technology is the most promising, said Ken Gause, director of the International Affairs Group at CNA, a non-profit research and analysis organization based in Arlington, Virginia.

    A 2018 study by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) found North Korean scientists had worked with researchers in other countries to co-write at least 100 published articles that had identifiable significance for dual-use technology, weapons of mass destruction, or other military purposes.

    THE OFFICIALS

    Kim Jong Un relies on three top people to lead the secretive country鈥檚 rapidly accelerating missile program.

    They include Ri Pyong Chol, a former top air force general; Kim Jong Sik, a veteran rocket scientist; and Jang Chang Ha, the head of a weapons development and procurement center.

    A fourth official 鈥 Pak Jong Chon, the chief of the General Staff 鈥 has also assumed a higher-profile role in the Military Industry Department (MID), which is responsible for production of strategic weapons, Gause said.

    "We have seen a lot of changes in the military industry arena in the last few years," Gause said.

    Pak oversaw many recent tests in the absence of Kim Jong Un, who did not attend any missile launches in 2021, before observing one of the hypersonic missile launches in January.

    Last year also saw the appointment of Yu Jim to lead the MID. Yu was previously a representative of North Korea鈥檚 primary state arms dealer in Iran, Madden said.

    THE ORGANIZATIONS

    The Academy of National Defense Science (NADS), also known as the Second Academy of Natural Sciences (SANS), oversees North Korea's missile development.

    Madden said the state of a weapon's development can often be divined from who is reported to have attended a test.

    An event where the only personnel are from NADS/SANS means the system is still in the research and development phase, for example. If an event combines NADS and the 2nd Economic Committee, that often means that the system is moving from development to production and manufacturing.

    Finally, if the military鈥檚 General Staff Department (GSD) personnel attend a test, such as the recent train mobile missile, this usually indicates that the system is finished and will be deployed.

    There are initial signals that as North Korea completes its missile and nuclear arsenal, it may fold more elements of its Strategic Forces back under GSD, signaling it has moved to an operational role, Madden added.

    FOREIGN ASSISTANCE

    North Korea鈥檚 missile program has roots in assistance it received from the Soviet Union, and later Russia, analysts say, and the boosters involved in propelling the latest hypersonic warheads are similar to Soviet designs.

    There is debate over how much that assistance has continued since the 1990s.

    According to the latest sanctions designations by the United States, North Koreans linked to the NADS in China and Russia continue to procure materials and technical information for North Korea鈥檚 WMD and missile programs, aided by at least one Russian telecommunications company and a Russian national.

    Markus Schiller, a Europe-based missile expert, has argued that North Korea鈥檚 success in testing suggests it has had external support.

    Schiller notes, however, that under Kim Jong Un, North Korean missiles failed more often than in the past, suggesting that the younger Kim was testing more homegrown designs than his predecessors.

    (Reporting by Josh Smith. Editing by Gerry Doyle)

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