Eka Gigauri is used to harsh words from officials about the anti-corruption work she does in Georgia. But seeing her face on posters, accusing her of being an agent of foreign influence, a traitor and a spy, rattled her.
Gigauri, who leads one of Georgia鈥檚 main anti-corruption campaign groups, says she and many others have been targeted in connection with a new law, pushed through parliament by the government.
The 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 law requires media, civil society groups and nonprofit organizations to register as 鈥減ursuing the interests of a foreign power鈥 if they receive more than 20% of their funding from abroad. It also subjects them to intense state scrutiny and imposes steep fines for noncompliance.
The government argues the law is needed to curb harmful foreign actors trying to destabilize the South Caucasus nation of 3.7 million. Many journalists and activists say its true goal is to stigmatize them and restrict debate before an election scheduled for October. It could also threaten Georgia鈥檚 bid to join the European Union.
This story, supported by the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting, is part of an ongoing Associated Press series covering threats to democracy in Europe.
The law resembles similar legislation in Russia, where it has been used to crack down on opposition supporters, independent media and human rights activists. Georgian Dream, the country's ruling party, got the legislation through on its second attempt.
In 2012, after years of turbulence, Georgian Dream came to power. The party was set up by Bidzina Ivanishvili, a shadowy billionaire who made his fortune in Russia and served briefly as Georgia鈥檚 prime minister. He has stayed out of public view since 2013.
Georgian Dream promised to restore civil rights and 鈥渞eset鈥 relations with Moscow. It also vowed to pursue EU membership and ties with the U.S., reassuring those Georgians who looked to the West to protect them from their overbearing northern neighbor.
In August 2008, Russia fought a brief war with Georgia, which had made a botched attempt to regain control over the breakaway province of South Ossetia. Moscow then recognized the independence of South Ossetia and another breakaway Georgian province, Abkhazia, and set up military bases there.
In 2022, after Russia鈥檚 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Georgia formally applied to join the EU. Support for EU membership was already high, but after the invasion, polls showed about 74 per cent of Georgians were in favor.
Many in Georgia, with its long history of domination by Moscow, supported Ukraine as it battled the Russian invasion. But the Georgian government abstained from joining sanctions against Russia, barred dozens of Kremlin critics from entering the country, and accused the West of trying to drag Tbilisi into open conflict with Moscow.
Almost exactly a year later, Georgian Dream first put the 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 bill before parliament. Weeks of demonstrations followed, where police used tear gas and water cannons to disperse protesters.
The EU made clear that the bill, if passed, would damage Georgia鈥檚 membership prospects. In March 2023, the draft legislation was withdrawn. In December, the EU offered Georgia official candidate status, despite concerns about the rule of law.
In April 2024, Georgian Dream brought the bill back to parliament and the protesters returned to the streets. Georgia鈥檚 pro-EU President Salome Zourabichvili used her veto, but parliament overrode her with a simple majority, and the bill became law.
Rights advocates cast the law as an existential threat.
鈥淏y labeling independent groups and media as serving foreign interests, they (Georgia鈥檚 leadership) intend to marginalize and stifle critical voices in the country that are fundamental for any functioning democracy,鈥 said Hugh Williamson from the advocacy group Human Rights Watch.
The day after the bill was enacted, Georgian Dream introduced proposals to ban media depictions of same-sex relations and any public gatherings endorsing them.
Tamar Jakeli, the head of prominent LGBTQ2S+ rights group Tbilisi Pride, argues that both initiatives are part of a broader strategy by the ruling party to divide society.
鈥淭he West, the opposition, LGBT people, and civil society 鈥 we are all, together, demonized as spreading LGBT propaganda, trying to impose a Western lifestyle, erase Georgian traditions,鈥 said Jakeli, who has moved homes because of safety reasons and carries pepper spray when out.
Like the 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 bill, the proposed anti-LGBTQ2S+ provisions mirror Russian legislation. Rumors have swirled for months that Georgian Dream may be acting in coordination with the Kremlin 鈥 something the party vehemently denies.
鈥淭he evidence for Russia being the power behind Ivanishvili 鈥 and Georgian Dream 鈥 is, at this stage, circumstantial. But it is nevertheless compelling,鈥 James Nixey, Russia and Eurasia director at the London-based think tank Chatham House, wrote in an analysis in May.
Georgia鈥檚 pro-government media sound a steady drumbeat of fear, warning of the West鈥檚 supposed attempts to destabilize Tbilisi and stoke conflict with Moscow.
In a speech on April 29 that baffled Tbilisi鈥檚 EU partners, Ivanishvili charged that a 鈥済lobal party of war鈥 is secretly channeling funds into Georgia through nonprofits, to topple the government and turn Georgians into 鈥渃annon fodder鈥 in a war with Russia.
Maka Bochorishvili, a Georgian Dream lawmaker who heads the parliamentary EU integration committee, told The Associated Press that the 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 law aims to ensure transparency.
She argued, without providing evidence, that some nonprofits back 鈥渘onconstitutional ways of change of government in Georgia,鈥 and that as the election looms, some have started to resemble political parties.
Most organizations targeted by the new law aren鈥檛 prominent or influential. Major groups like Gigauri鈥檚 Transparency International will face the same level of scrutiny as small news outlets.
None of the journalists and campaigners who spoke to the AP said their organizations would voluntarily join the 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 register. Gigauri called the decision 鈥渁 matter of dignity.鈥
鈥淔irst of all, we are citizens and patriots of this country,鈥 she said.
But the law means officials can register their publications and organizations anyway. It also allows Georgia鈥檚 justice ministry to conduct detailed audits, potentially seizing laptops and other equipment for months at a time.
Nino Bakradze, whose investigative publication iFact.ge has for years tracked secretive offshore companies, corruption and the impact on Georgians of major foreign investment projects, says this would essentially halt their operations.
Seizing the equipment also means authorities could access sensitive data on the organizations鈥 staff, sources, whistleblowers and those who approach them for assistance. In a country where far-right groups still attack Pride marches, this is especially worrying for LGBTQ2S+ rights groups like Jakeli鈥檚, many of which have received foreign grants.
Tbilisi鈥檚 modernization in recent decades, and its increasingly active citizenry, appeared to signal that democracy can succeed in post-Soviet states, threatening the Kremlin and other regional autocrats.
In October, Georgia faces its next big test: a parliamentary election. Zaza Bibilashvili, an analyst with the Chavchavadze Center, a civil society group, said there was little hope for a meaningful vote if the 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 law is applied.
Like others, he described an atmosphere of fear and intimidation. Opposition figures have suffered extensive injuries they blame on beatings from police or pro-government thugs. Gia Japaridze, a university lecturer and brother of a top opposition politician, told the AP that his assailants freely admitted he had been targeted because of his criticism of the 鈥渇oreign influence鈥 law.
鈥淩ight now, we still have a civil society that鈥檚 trying to survive. In October, we鈥檒l probably have none of that. People will have been arrested (or) expelled,鈥 Bibilashvili argued.
In Tbilisi, the protests against the foreign influence law have grown less frequent as campaigners shift their attention to the upcoming election. But many still draw comfort from the spirit of the rallies that drew Georgians of all ages and backgrounds.
鈥淚鈥檝e never seen Georgian society so united,鈥 said Giorgi Kikonishvili, an LGBTQ2S+ activist and club promoter in Tbilisi.
鈥淩ight now, things are devastating, but at the same time, it鈥檚 a very beautiful thing to watch,鈥 he said.
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