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    • Toxic 'forever' chemicals found in excessive levels in global groundwater, study says

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    Potentially called PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are found in surface and groundwaters around the world at levels much higher than many international regulators allow, a new study found.

    Called 鈥渇orever chemicals鈥 because they fail to break down fully in the environment, PFAS have been used since the 1950s to make consumer products nonstick, oil- and water-repellent and resistant to temperature change.

    Even in locations with no known source of contamination, 31% of ground water samples exceeded threshold limits by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, according to the study, and nearly 70% exceeded standards set by Health Canada.

    The EPA proposal, soon expected to be finalized, for two older legacy chemicals, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), while also setting new limits for a mixture of four chemicals developed by industry to replace them.

    Some of the most studied PFAS, such as PFOA and PFOS, have been linked to serious health problems such as cancer, obesity, thyroid disease, high cholesterol, decreased fertility, liver damage and hormone disruption, 

    Exposure to PFAS is associated with decreased infant and fetal growth as well as decreased antibody response to vaccines in both adults and children, according to  released in July 2022 by the prestigious National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

    Studies are now finding the same health impacts from some of the newer PFAS versions, according to the report, which called for people at higher risk, such as pregnant women, young children and the elderly, to be

    鈥淭he significance of this (new) paper is highlighting the failure of chemical policy and allowing widespread release of PFAS to the extent that they have been dispersed across the globe to contaminate water everywhere,鈥 said David Andrews, a senior scientist for the Environmental Working Group, a consumer organization that monitors exposure to PFAS and other chemicals.

    鈥淭hese contaminants have been found in the Arctic, on the slopes of Mount Everest, in penguins, polar bears, whales and seals,鈥 said Andrews, who was not involved in the new study. 鈥淭hese are chemicals that are just incredibly ubiquitous around the globe because of their release by manufacturers and how they have spread into the soil, air and water.鈥

    Since most PFAS sampling done so far has been in developed countries and locations where academic researchers are concentrated, 鈥渋f we were to test more broadly, we would find even more exposure,鈥 Andrews added.

    Dangers of PFAS

    Various PFAS chemicals have been detected in the blood of 98% of Americans and can be stored for years in different organs in the body, according to the report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

    However, drinking water may only be responsible for about 20% of exposure, with the most significant exposures coming from food, dust and other sources, Andrews said.

    That鈥檚 because they have been used for decades in thousands of consumer products, including  designed to prevent grease and water from soaking through food wrappers and beverage cups. The chemicals to make carpeting, clothing and furniture resistant to stains, water and grease damage. Other uses include nonstick cookware, cell phones, commercial aircraft and low-emission vehicles.

    Environmental and health groups are pushing dozens of fast food companies, supermarket chains and other retail outlets to remove PFAS from their packaging (Steven Senne / AP Photo)

    Public concern led to a commitment by manufacturers in 2008 to phase out use of PFOA and PFOS, two of the most widely used chemicals. However, 鈥渁s PFOS and PFOA are phased out and replaced, people may be exposed to other PFAS,鈥 the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

    In addition, issued in June 2023 by the EPA found certain PFAS chemicals are even more hazardous to human health than scientists originally thought, at levels thousands of times lower than previously believed.

    Only a few PFAS have been studied

    The study, in the journal Nature Geoscience, collated and analyzed available data from more than 45,000 water samples gathered around the world since 2004.

    鈥淭here can be quite a few sources to the environment, including fire-fighting training centres that used extensive amounts of foams to practice putting out fires (and therefore save lives), landfills, industries that have used PFAS in their products, factories that made PFAS and wastewater treatment plants (sewage treatment plants),鈥 said lead study author Denis O鈥機onnell, a professor in the school of civil and environmental engineering, at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, in an email.

    Generally PFAS concentrations are higher in urban areas or areas that used PFAS products extensively, O鈥機onnell said, but it is also leached into the environment in ways that may not be obvious.

    鈥淎nother example is that PFAS used to be used in ski wax, so pristine environments, where people ski, have PFAS in their waters and soils,鈥 he said.

    There are more than 14,000 distinct types of PFAS, but only a few undergo routine testing in water, O鈥機onnell said. That鈥檚 another reason the extent of the pollution and subsequent potential harm to human health may be much more extensive than currently known.

    鈥淲e only know the health impacts of a few PFAS, so more work is required to determine health and ecosystem impacts of a range of PFAS,鈥 O鈥機onnell said.

    A sign warning hunters not to eat deer because of high amounts of toxic chemicals in their meat, in Oscoda, Mich., March 26, 2021. Wildlife agencies are finding elevated levels of PFAS chemicals in game animals, prompting new restrictions on hunting and fishing (Photo by Drew YoungeDyke, National Wildlife Federation via AP)

    Filtering water can help

    Many treatment plants in major cities already filter for PFAS, and with the new EPA guidelines, more will be required to do so within the next three years. However, about 15% of the U.S. population, or more than 43 million people, use well water, which is not federally regulated, according to the

    Anyone who is concerned about their water can purchase a test online or from a certified lab, Andrews told CNN .

    鈥淭he most important thing is to ensure the testing method can detect down to at least four parts per trillion or lower of PFAS,鈥 he said. 鈥淭here are a large number of labs across the country certified to test to that level, so there are a lot of options available.鈥

    If levels are concerning, consumers can purchase a water filter for their tap. NSF, formerly the National Sanitation Foundation, has .

    鈥淭he water filters that are most effective for PFAS are reverse osmosis filters, which are more expensive, about in the US$200 range,鈥 Andrews said. Reverse osmosis filters can remove a wide range of contaminants, including dissolved solids, by forcing water through various filters.

    Granular activated carbon filters are more common and less expensive but not quite as effective or consistent for PFAS, he added.

    鈥淭he important part is that you have to keep changing those filters,鈥 he said. 鈥淚f you don鈥檛 change that filter, and it becomes saturated, the levels of PFAS in the filtered water can actually be above the levels in the tap water.鈥

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