Some popular fitness trackers that monitor a user's personal physical activity levels are vulnerable to long-term tracking and surveillance, and possible tampering, according to a new report.
The , released Tuesday by the University of Toronto's and not-for-profit research group , looked at eight different fitness trackers and their corresponding apps to determine their privacy and security properties.
The trackers examined were: Apple Watch, Basis Peak, Fitbit Charge HR, Garmin Vivosmart, Jawbone Up 2, Mio Fuse, Withings Pulse O2, and the Xiaomi Mi Band. Each tracker's corresponding apps were also examined.
The researchers looked at what security measures are in place for each device with regard to data collection, storage, and transmission practices.
Findings
The report found that all of the devices, with the exception of the Apple Watch, emit persistent unique IDs via their embedded Bluetooth radios. These IDs can expose the wearer to long-term tracking of their location, even when the device is not paired and connected to a mobile device, the report says.
The Apple Watch is the only model included in the study that randomizes its Bluetooth ID, meaning it is impossible to track the device over the long term.
The report also found that the apps associated with the Jawbone and Withings devices can be exploited to create fake fitness records. The potential to create fake records is problematic, as data collected from personal fitness trackers could be potentially used in health insurance programs, and .
The Garmin Connect apps and the Withings Health Mate Android app have security vulnerabilities that enable unauthorized third-parties to read, write, and delete user data, the report finds.
The report also found that the Garmin device does not employ data encryption security practices for its iOS or Android apps. This means that data collected by the device is vulnerable to surveillance or tampering, the report finds.
The researchers attempted to contact all of the device manufacturers, with the exception of Apple, because they found no technical vulnerabilities with the Apple Watch.
In each case, the researchers wrote an email to inform each company about any security vulnerabilities that they discovered in their products. The companies were contacted in November, 2015, and notified that the researchers were planning on publishing their report at the end of January, 2016.
Of the companies that engaged with the researchers, Fitbit, Intel (for the Basis Peak), and Mio responded and engaged the researchers in a dialogue, the report says.
"Fitbit stated it was interested in implementing (Bluetooth) LE Privacy and that their wearable devices could support it," the report said. "However, the company asserted that the fragmented Android ecosystem, in which some devices do not support LE Privacy, prevent them from implementing the feature."
The report said the security team at Intel (the owners of Basis) stated that the primary use case for the Peak wearable involved the device being continually connected over Bluetooth to the user's phone. The report said the company provided 鈥渘o indication that they intended to fix the emission of a persistent (Bluetooth) MAC address through advertising packets, when the device was not connected to a mobile device.鈥�
According to the report, Garmin, Withings, Jawbone and Xiaomi did not respond to the researchers鈥� attempts to contact their security teams about the issues raised in the report.
What can consumers do?
Andrew Hilts, one of the authors of the report, told CTVNews.ca that consumers concerned about the security of their personal health information can take a few steps to boost their security.
To help mitigate the risk of their device emitting a persistent Bluetooth ID, he suggests users keep their tracker connected to their mobile phones at all times.
As well, people who use the Garmin device and apps, and who are concerned about the security of their data, should only use the app when they're connected to a closed network that they trust, Hilts said.
Finally, Hilts recommends users who are concerned about their privacy contact the manufacturers and let the companies know about their concerns.
In a , the researchers say that consumers deserve to be better informed about their device's "privacy and security practices" to help them determine whether or not they are comfortable with how their fitness data is being used.
