What makes humans unique? Scientists have taken another step toward solving an enduring mystery with a new tool that may allow for more precise comparisons between the DNA of modern humans and that of our extinct ancestors.
Just 7 per cent of our genome is uniquely shared with other humans, and not shared by other early ancestors, according to a study published Friday in the
鈥淭hat's a pretty small percentage,鈥 said Nathan Schaefer, a University of California computational biologist and co-author of the new paper. 鈥淭his kind of finding is why scientists are turning away from thinking that we humans are so vastly different from Neanderthals.鈥
The research draws upon DNA extracted from fossil remains of now-extinct Neanderthals and Denisovans dating back to around 40,000 or 50,000 years ago, as well as from 279 modern people from around the world.
Scientists already know that modern people share some DNA with Neanderthals, but different people share different parts of the genome. One goal of the new research was to identify the genes that are exclusive to modern humans.
It's a difficult statistical problem, and the researchers 鈥渄eveloped a valuable tool that takes account of missing data in the ancient genomes,鈥 said John Hawks, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, who was not involved in the research.
The researchers also found that an even smaller fraction of our genome - just 1.5% - is both unique to our species and shared among all people alive today. Those slivers of DNA may hold the most significant clues as to what truly distinguishes modern human beings.
鈥淲e can tell those regions of the genome are highly enriched for genes that have to do with neural development and brain function,鈥 said University of California, Santa Cruz computational biologist Richard Green, a co-author of the paper.
In 2010, Green helped produce the first draft sequence of a Neanderthal genome. Four years later, geneticist Joshua Akey co-authored a paper showing that modern humans carry some remnants of Neanderthal DNA. Since then, scientists have continued to refine techniques to extract and analyze genetic material from fossils.
鈥淏etter tools allow us to ask increasingly more detailed questions about human history and evolution,鈥 said Akey, who is now at Princeton and was not involved in the new research. He praised the methodology of the new study.
However, Alan Templeton, a population geneticist at Washington University in St Louis, questioned the authors' assumption that changes in the human genome are randomly distributed, rather than clustered around certain hotspots within the genome.
The findings underscore 鈥渢hat we're actually a very young species,鈥 said Akey. 鈥淣ot that long ago, we shared the planet with other human lineages.鈥
The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
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