CHICAGO - Leo Lytel was diagnosed with autism as a toddler. But by age nine he had overcome the disorder.
His progress is part of a growing body of research that suggests at least 10 per cent of children with autism can "recover" from it - most of them after undergoing years of intensive behavioural therapy.
Skeptics question the phenomenon, but University of Connecticut psychology professor Deborah Fein is among those convinced it's real.
She presented research this week at an autism conference in Chicago that included 20 children who, according to rigorous analysis, got a correct diagnosis but years later were no longer considered autistic.
Among them was Leo, a boy in Washington, D.C., who once made no eye contact, who echoed words said to him and often spun around in circles - all classic autism symptoms. Now he is an articulate, social third-grader. His mother, Jayne Lytel, says his teachers call Leo a leader.
The study, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, involves children ages nine to 18.
Autism researcher Geraldine Dawson, chief science officer of the advocacy group Autism Speaks, called Fein's research a breakthrough.
"Even though a number of us out in the clinical field have seen kids who appear to recover," it has never been documented as thoroughly as Fein's work, Dawson said.
"We're at a very early stage in terms of understanding" the phenomenon, Dawson said.
Previous studies have suggested between three per cent and 25 per cent of autistic kids recover. Fein says her studies have shown the range is 10 per cent to 20 per cent.
But even after lots of therapy - often carefully designed educational and social activities with rewards - most autistic children remain autistic.
Recovery is "not a realistic expectation for the majority of kids," but parents should know it can happen, Fein said.
Doubters say "either they really weren't autistic to begin with ... or they're still socially odd and obsessive, but they don't exactly meet criteria" for autism, she said.
Fein said the children in her study "really were" autistic and now they're "really not."
University of Michigan autism expert Catherine Lord said she also has seen autistic patients who recover. Most had parents who spent long hours working with them on behaviour improvement.
But, Lord added, "I don't think we can predict who this will happen for." And she does not think it's possible to make it happen.
The children in Fein's study, which is still ongoing, were diagnosed by an autism specialist before age five but no longer meet diagnostic criteria for autism. The initial diagnoses were verified through early medical records.
Because the phenomenon is so rare, Fein is still seeking children to help bolster evidence on what traits formerly autistic kids may have in common. Her team is also comparing these children with autistic and non-autistic kids.
So far, the "recovered" kids "are turning out very normal" on neuropsychological exams and verbal and non-verbal tests, she said.
The researchers are also doing imaging tests to see if the recovered kids' brains look more like those of autistic or non-autistic children. Autistic children's brains tend to be slightly larger than normal.
Imaging scans also are being done to examine brain function in formerly autistic kids. Researchers want to know if their "normal" behaviour is a result of "normal" brain activity, or if their brains process information in a non-typical way to compensate for any deficits.
Results from those tests are still being analyzed.
Most of the formerly autistic kids got long-term behaviour treatment soon after diagnosis, in some cases for 30 or 40 hours weekly.
Many also have above-average IQs and had been diagnosed with relatively mild cases of autism. At age two, many were within the normal range for motor development, able to walk, climb and hold a pencil.
Significant improvement suggesting recovery was evident by around age seven in most cases, Fein said.
None of the children has shown any sign of relapse. But nearly three-fourths of the formerly autistic kids have had other disorders, including attention-deficit problems, tics and phobias; eight still are affected.
Jayne Lytel says Leo sometimes still gets upset easily but is much more flexible than before.
