WASHINGTON - The peak of the next sunspot cycle will come in late 2011 or early 2012, potentially affecting airline flights, communications satellites and electrical transmissions.
But forecasters can't agree on how intense it will be.
A 12-member panel charged with forecasting the solar cycle said Wednesday it is evenly split over whether the peak will be 90 sunspots or 140 sunspots.
The U.S. government's Space Environment Center in Boulder, Colo., tracks space weather and forecasts its changes, which can affect millions of dollars worth of activities such as oil drilling, car navigation systems and astronauts.
Half of the specialists predicted a moderately strong cycle of 140 sunspots expected to peak in October of 2011, while the rest called for a moderately weak cycle of 90 sunspots peaking in August of 2012.
"We're hoping to achieve a consensus sometime in the next six to 12 months,'' said Douglas Biesecker, a space environment centre scientist who is chairman of the forecast panel.
An average solar cycle ranges from 75 to 155 sunspots.
During an active solar period, violent eruptions occur more often on the Sun, the agency said. Solar flares and vast explosions, known as coronal mass ejections, shoot highly charged matter toward Earth.
Making these predictions is important for many businesses, which have been asking for a forecast for nearly a year, Biesecker said.
Just like coastal residents want a hurricane forecast as early as possible, so do those affected by solar activity, said Joseph Kunches, chief of forecast and analysis at the centre, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Daniel Baker, director of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado-Boulder, noted that more than US$200 billion of satellites in space can be affected by changes in solar radiation as the cycle rises and falls.
In addition, Baker said, other problems include:
- Airlines flying over the pole face loss of communications that could force them to use a different, longer route at an added cost of as much as $100,000 per flight.
- The Global Positioning System is immensely important to commerce and can be disrupted by solar activity.
- Operating floating oil rigs in the ocean requires keeping them positioned within a few centimetres to prevent damaging drilling gear. "They have to know when GPS is going to be accurate.''
- There is an increased radiation risk to humans in space.
- Currents can be induced in long electrical transmission lines, causing blackouts.
In the past, such problems have been caused by solar superstorms, he said.
"Storms don't have to be so super any more'' to cause problems, Baker said, as more and more systems become susceptible to solar effects.
Dean Pesnell of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory said the solar storms also can heat the Earth's upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. This increases drag on satellites, slowing them down. It also affects the position of the space debris encircling the planet, and it is essential to keep track of that debris for the safety of space flight.
The forecasters said the current solar cycle will probably end next March, when Solar Cycle 24 will begin. That will mean Cycle 23 lasted 12 years, slightly longer than the usual 11-year cycle.
