Russia is trying to develop a nuclear space weapon that would destroy satellites by creating a massive energy wave when detonated, potentially crippling a vast swath of the commercial and government satellites that the world below depends on to talk on cell phones, pay bills, and surf the internet, according to three sources familiar with U.S. intelligence about the weapon.
These sources gave CNN a more detailed understanding of what Russia is working on 鈥� and the threat it could pose 鈥� than the U.S. government has previously disclosed.
Republican Rep. Mike Turner of Ohio, the chair of the House Intelligence Committee, set off a frenzy in Washington on Wednesday when he issued a statement saying his panel 鈥渉ad information concerning a serious national security threat.鈥�
By Friday, U.S. President Joe Biden had publicly confirmed that Turner was referring to a new Russian nuclear anti-satellite capability 鈥� but officials have steadfastly refused to discuss it further, citing the highly classified nature of the intelligence.
The weapon is still under development and is not yet in orbit, Biden administration officials have emphasized publicly. But if used, officials say, it would cross a dangerous rubicon in the history of nuclear weapons and could cause extreme disruptions to everyday life in ways that are difficult to predict.
This kind of new weapon 鈥� known generally by military space experts as a nuclear EMP 鈥� would create a pulse of electromagnetic energy and a flood of highly charged particles that would tear through space to disrupt other satellites winging around Earth.
Biden on Friday emphasized publicly that there is 鈥渘o nuclear threat to the people of America or anywhere else in the world with what Russia is doing at the moment.鈥�
鈥淎nything that they鈥檙e doing and/or they will do relates to satellites and space and damaging those satellites, potentially,鈥� he said.
The Defense Department and the intelligence community have tracked Russian efforts to develop a broad range of anti-satellite weapons, including an EMP, for years.
And there has been a stream of intelligence reporting in recent months related specifically to Russia鈥檚 efforts to develop nuclear-powered anti-satellite capabilities, according to one defense official.
But Russia has recently made progress in its efforts to develop a nuclear EMP 鈥� a related but far more alarming technology.
鈥淥ur general knowledge of Russian pursuit of this kind of capability goes back many, many months, if not a few years,鈥� National Security Council spokesman John Kirby said Thursday. 鈥淏ut only in recent weeks now has the intelligence community been able to assess with a higher sense of confidence exactly how Russia continues to pursue it.鈥�
The intelligence community, Biden said, had 鈥渇ound out there was a capacity to launch a system into space that could theoretically do something that was damaging鈥� but that it 鈥渉adn鈥檛 happened yet.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 not a new concept and, as a concept, dates back to the late Cold War,鈥� said one US official. But, they said, 鈥渢he big fear with any eventual EMP device in orbit [is] it might render large portions of particular orbits unusable鈥� by creating a minefield of disabled satellites that 鈥渨ould then prove dangerous to any new satellites we might try to put up to replace or repair the existing satellites.鈥�
The Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the Defense Department and the National Security Council all declined to comment.
It was not immediately clear whether the device as designed could impact GPS and nuclear command and control satellites, which operate in a higher orbit than the vast constellation of commercial and government satellites whizzing through low-Earth orbit. Those larger satellites are designed to be impregnable to a nuclear blast, but a former top space official at the Pentagon told CNN that 鈥渢hey could be vulnerable鈥� depending on how close they were to the EMP, how old they are and how big the blast.
鈥楲ast-ditch weapon鈥�
Experts say this kind of weapon could have the potential to wipe out mega constellations of small satellites, like SpaceX鈥檚 Starlink, which has been successfully used by Ukraine in its ongoing war with Russia.
This would almost certainly be 鈥渁 last-ditch weapon鈥� for Russia, the US official and other sources said 鈥� because it would do the same damage to whatever Russian satellites were also in the area.
It also remains unclear how well-developed the technology is. Russia has had a number of public debacles with their nuclear technology in recent years. In 2019, seven Russians were killed in a nuclear accident that occurred while Moscow was trying to recover a nuclear-powered cruise missile that had crashed into the White Sea during a failed test.
Still, a recent intelligence assessment on Russian progress so alarmed some lawmakers on Capitol Hill that Turner issued an invitation to all members of the House to be read in on the matter.
Shortly thereafter, he issued the vague public statement that forced the issue into the public eye.
Several sources familiar with the matter said that the exposure of the intelligence was extremely damaging because the source was incredibly sensitive. According to those sources, the intelligence community is now scrambling to figure out how to preserve its access.
Biden administration officials contend that if Russia were to field a nuclear EMP, it would be the first-ever violation of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which bans stationing weapons of mass destruction in outer space.
鈥淚t would be a violation of the Outer Space Treaty to which more than 130 countries have signed up to, including Russia,鈥� Kirby said Thursday, without providing details.
Russia has withdrawn from several arms control treaties in recent years, leaving the post-Cold War arms control architecture all but gutted.
