BEIJING -- China's support for Russia through oil and gas purchases is irking Washington and raising the risk of U.S. retaliation, foreign observers say, though they see no sign Beijing is helping Moscow evade sanctions over its war on Ukraine.
Beijing's importance as a lifeline to Russian President Vladimir Putin rose Monday after the 27-nation European Union, the main market for fossil fuels that supply most of Moscow's foreign income, agreed to stop oil purchases.
President Xi Jinping's government declared ahead of Russia's Feb. 24 attack that it had a "no limits" friendship with Moscow and has kept the West guessing about whether it might bail Putin out.
China rejects the sanctions as illegal because the United States, Europe and Japan cut off Russia from their markets and the global banking system without working through the United Nations, where Beijing and Moscow have veto power.
The sanctions don't prohibit China, India or other countries from buying Russian oil and gas. But President Joe Biden has warned Xi of unspecified consequences if Beijing helps Moscow evade sanctions. That leaves open the risk Chinese companies might be punished by losing access to valuable Western markets.
Beijing appears to be complying. But state-owned companies are buying more Russian oil and gas, which gives the Kremlin export income. They also are potential investors in Russian energy projects as Western companies leave.
"The Biden administration will likely become increasingly exasperated at China's continued support for Russia," Neil Thomas of Eurasia Group said in an email.
That increases the likelihood of "unilateral moves to punish Beijing" and "allied coordination on economic security measures aimed at countering China," Thomas said.
The conflict adds to tension with Washington over Taiwan, Hong Kong, human rights, trade, technology and Beijing's strategic ambitions.
China poses the "most serious long-term challenge to the international order," Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in a May 26 speech.
Xi's government has tried to distance itself from Putin's war by calling for peace talks, but it avoids criticizing Moscow.
Other governments "must not harm China's legitimate interests in any way" in dealing with Ukraine, warned a foreign ministry spokesman, Zhao Lijian.
Monday's decision by EU leaders will cut imports of Russian oil by 90%, according to the head of its executive branch, Ursula von der Leyen. European customers have been paying Russia as much as $1 billion per day for oil, gas and coal.
Mikhail Ulyanov, Russia's permanent representative to international organizations in Vienna, responded on Twitter: "Russia will find other importers."
Moscow is tiny as a trading partner for Beijing but an ally against what both resent as U.S. dominance in global affairs.
China sees Russian oil and gas as a way to diversify supplies for its energy-hungry economy. China bought 20% of last year's Russian crude exports, according to the International Energy Agency. The two sides announced a new 30-year gas contract on Feb. 4, three weeks ahead of Moscow's attack on Ukraine, that the state newspaper Global Times said will increase annual supplies to China by about 25%.
While the two are friendly, China is taking advantage of the situation to get cheaper energy and favorable business deals, said Maria Shagina of the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
"They would always capitalize on Russia's isolation," said Shagina. "But they would be very cautious not to violate sanctions outright."
On May 24, while Biden was visiting Tokyo, Russian and Chinese warplanes carried out "strategic air patrols" above the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea and the western Pacific. The Japanese government said bombers flew near Japan.
Biden warned Xi during a March 18 video meeting not to give Moscow military or economic aid.
Biden's national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, said in March that Washington wouldn't tolerate China or any other country helping Moscow work around sanctions. The White House has criticized Beijing's "rhetorical support" for Putin.
Washington is "monitoring closely" Chinese dealings with Moscow, the American Embassy said in a written response to questions.
"We have not seen the provision of military equipment," it said. Asked about economic sanctions and possible violations, the embassy said it had nothing further.
After BP and ExxonMobil announced they were pulling out of Russian oil and gas projects, "there are rumors state-owned Chinese companies might step in and acquire stakes," said Shagina.
China's imports from Russia rose 56.6% over a year earlier in April to $8.9 billion, according to customs data. That helped Putin's government record a current account surplus, the broadest measure of trade, of $96 billion for the four months ending in April.
Washington also is frustrated that India, the No. 3 global oil importer, is buying more from Russia to take advantage of low prices. The Biden administration is lobbying Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government to stop.
In March, the U.S. government told Asian and European allies that American intelligence had determined China indicated to Russia it would be willing to provide military support for the campaign in Ukraine and financial help to limit the impact of sanctions.
Russia has been expelled from the global SWIFT network for bank transfers.
China's credit card processor, UnionPay, refused to work with Russian banks after Visa and MasterCard stopped serving them, the Russian news outlet RBC reported in April. It said UnionPay worried it might be hit by "secondary sanctions" and cut off from the Western-controlled global financial system.
China gave Moscow an economic lifeline following Western sanctions imposed over its 2014 seizure of Crimea from Ukraine.
Beijing agreed to buy Russian gas in a deal estimated to be worth up to $400 billion over three decades. Moscow turned to Chinese state-owned companies to help pay for oil and gas development after Crimea-related sanctions cut off Western financing.
"The help will never come for free," Shagina said.
