The sun is getting more active -- and two solar missions are perfectly poised to capture the stellar show.
The Solar Orbiter spacecraft, a joint mission between NASA and the European Space Agency, is gearing up for its closest approach to the sun so far on March 26.
The journey has been anything but boring.
A large solar flare exploded from the sun on March 2. The eruption was rated as M-class, the fourth strongest type of the five categories measuring solar flare intensity. A burst of this strength can cause brief radio blackouts at the poles and minor radiation storms that might endanger astronauts, .
The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on the Solar Orbiter captured a video of the dramatic event.
Meanwhile, the Parker Solar Probe, which at the end of 2021, recently experienced the extremes of a large solar prominence -- that's when the sun released tons of charged particles in Parker's direction on February 15.
The ESA described solar prominences as "large structures of tangled magnetic field lines that keep dense concentrations of solar plasma suspended above the Sun's surface, sometimes taking the form of arching loops."
It's the largest event Parker has experienced during its 3.5 years of flight.
"The shock from the event hit Parker Solar Probe head-on, but the spacecraft was built to withstand activity just like this -- to get data in the most extreme conditions," said Nour Raouafi, project scientist for Parker, in a statement from a . "And with the Sun getting more and more active, we can't wait to see the data that Parker Solar Probe gathers as it gets closer and closer."
TRACKING SOLAR EXTREMES
If solar flares and storms seem to be occurring more frequently, (also captured by Solar Orbiter) or the , it's because the sun is ramping up activity as it heads toward solar maximum.
It's important to understand the solar cycle because space weather caused by the sun -- eruptions like solar flares and coronal mass ejection events -- can impact the power grid, satellites, GPS, airlines, rockets and astronauts in space.
Every 11 years, the sun completes a solar cycle of calm and stormy activity and begins a new one. The current solar cycle, , officially began in December 2019 and the next solar maximum, when the sun is experiencing peak activity, is predicted to occur in July 2025.
Over the course of a solar cycle, the sun transitions from a calm period to one that is very intense and active. This activity is tracked by counting sunspots on the sun and how many are visible over time.
Sunspots, or dark spots on the sun, are the origin point for the explosive flares and ejection events that release light, solar material and energy into space.
SET A COURSE FOR THE SUN
The Parker Solar Probe just completed its 11th close approach of the 24 planned during its mission. Parker will eventually come within 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometres) of the sun's surface in December 2024.
This solar flyby was a special one because, as the spacecraft was sampling the sun's solar wind and magnetic fields from a distance of 5.3 million miles (8.5 million kilometres), more than 40 observatories around the globe were also watching the sun. These visible, infrared and radio telescopes can provide different data from a greater distance, allowing scientists to develop a broader picture of the sun.
Most of Parker's data from the flyby will return to Earth between March 30 and May 1, and solar scientists are looking forward to seeing what the spacecraft experienced during the February 15 flare. Parker's next close pass of the sun will begin on June 1.
It's Solar Orbiter's turn next. On March 14, the spacecraft will pass the orbit of Mercury, the closest planet to the sun, before swinging by the sun at less than one-third the distance between Earth and its star on March 26.
The spacecraft, carrying high-resolution telescopes, will come closer to the sun than it has since launching in February 2020.
"From this point onwards, we are 'entering the unknown' as far as Solar Orbiter's observations of the Sun are concerned," said Daniel Müller, Solar Orbiter project scientist, in a statement.
Solar Orbiter's varied suite of 10 instruments will be running simultaneously, ready to measure the solar wind and keep an eye out for mini flares, called , that it spied in the mission's first images.
