Robots that can diagnose diseases, play badminton and wow audiences with their musical skills are among the machines China hopes could revolutionise its economy, with visitors to a Beijing exhibition offered a glimpse of an automated future.
The popular stars of this year's World Robot Conference, which ends Sunday, were undoubtedly the small, amateur-made "battle bots" which smashed, hammered and sawed their way through their opponents to a cacophony of cheers and shouts from a rapt audience.
"With this robot, I can fully express myself. I love the sparks," said Huang Hongsong, one of around a dozen Chinese youths whose creations went head-to-head.
But while the battle bots are designed largely to entertain onlookers, China is deadly serious about riding the robotic wave with an eye on its economy.
Cheap manufacturing propelled the populous giant to become the world's second largest economy in just a few decades.
But the country's population is ageing, leaving it facing a double whammy of a worker shortage and increased labour costs as it gets wealthier.
Automated machines offer a possible way out with President Xi Jinping in 2014 calling for a "robot revolution".
Under the ruling Communist Party's road map for its industrial future -- dubbed "Made in China 2025" -- state subsidies are pouring into the sector.
And at the robot show, a vast array of machines demonstrated how technology may eventually replace human workers.
In one corner, a mechanical arm -- designed to teach children -- painted an elegant Chinese character while a robotic fish explored its tank and a bat flapped its mechanical wings overhead.
A delicate balance
By 2020, China is aiming for half of the industrial robots sold in the country to be made by Chinese companies, up from 27 percent currently -- with a target of 70 percent by 2025.
"Robots are the jewel in the crown for the manufacturing industry... a new frontier for our industrial revolution," said Xin Guobin, China's vice minister of industry, as he opened the conference.
But it is a delicate balancing act for Chinese policy-makers due to the potential for human job losses -- a 2016 World Bank report said automation could threaten up to 77 percent of jobs in China's current labour market.
Nonetheless a great robotic leap forward has already been made.
China is now the world's number one market for industrial robots with some 141,000 units sold last year, accounting for a third of global demand, according to the International Federation of Robotics, which says demand could rise an additional 20 percent per year until 2020.
"China has huge opportunities to increase the level of its industrial automation (and) industrial robotisation," said Karel Eloot, an expert at consultancy firm McKinsey.
He notes that China still has huge room for growth given that competitors like Japan and Germany have four times the level of robotisation in their factories compared to the Asian giant.
Qu Daokui, president of local firm Siasun, which was showing off a snake-like robot that can operate in narrow passages, said China needs to increase the quality and sophistication of its robots, particularly in the field of AI.
"We used to focus on the accuracy, reliability and speed of robots -- now it's their flexibility, intelligence and adaptability that makes the difference," he said, adding robots needed to interact and adapt to their environments and "make independent decisions".
Doctor Bot
Outside China's factories, robots are becoming a more visible presence, deployed in restaurants and banks and even delivering parcels.
China's iFlytek, a specialist in speech recognition systems, presented a new "medical assistant" robot at the Beijing show which it said was able to help identify up to 150 diseases and ailments -- even passing a national medical qualification exam with a high score.
The robot, which operated in conjunction with a doctor, asks patients a series of diagnostic questions and can also analyse X-rays.
"It's already being used in hospitals since March and has made some 4,000 diagnoses," company president Liu Qingfeng said, adding such a device could be particularly useful for clinics in more remote parts of China.
Chindex, a subsidiary of the conglomerate Fosun, also distributes the "Da Vinci System" in China, an American built robot with arms and high-tech cameras to aid surgeons in the operating theatre.
"It transcends the limits of the (human) eye," chief operating officer Liu Yu enthused.
But like the diagnostic robot, it still needs a helping human hand.
"It only helps the doctor, it cannot replace them. It would not be ethical, the human body is still too complicated," he said.
