There's now scientific evidence shedding more light on one of Barkley's impressive skills in a long list of endearing traits: the ability to smell when you're stressed.
Dogs can smell the difference between odors from humans when they're stressed and when they're calm, according to a study published Wednesday in the
Earlier research found that canines may be able to smell when a person is happy or fearful, but this latest study eliminated other competing scents and measured its human participants' stress levels to increase the accuracy of the results.
Researchers first collected breath and sweat samples from study participants to use as a baseline. Afterward, these people performed a mental arithmetic task, counting backward from 9,000 in units of 17 in front of two researchers for three minutes.
"If the participant gave a correct answer, they were given no feedback and were expected to continue, and if they gave an incorrect answer the researcher would interrupt with 'no' and tell them their last correct answer," said lead study author Clara Wilson, a doctoral candidate at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland.
The study team collected another round of breath and sweat samples after the task was completed.
Additionally, the researchers collected reported stress levels, heart rate and blood pressure before and after the assigned task. Thirty-six participants who reported feeling stressed and had increased heart rate and blood pressure had their samples shown to the dogs.
The researchers presented post-task breath and sweat samples from one person to 20 dogs along with two other blank control samples. The canines needed to select the correct sample at least seven out of 10 times to move onto the next phase.
In the second and final phase, the study team showed the four dogs that passed phase one the same samples they sniffed in phase one along with a sample from the same individual collected before the task and a blank. Presented with these options 20 times, the dogs needed to successfully identify the original post-task "stress" scent at least 80% of the time for the results to be conclusive.
The dogs chose the right sample in 93.8% of the trials, which suggested that the stress odors were quite different from the baseline samples, Wilson said.
"It was fascinating to see how able the dogs were at discriminating between these odors when the only difference was that a psychological stress response had occurred," she said.
Dogs have 220 million olfactory receptors compared with humans' 50 million, which makes canines "extremely effective at differentiating and identifying odors," said Dr. Mark Freeman, clinical assistant professor in the department of small animal clinical sciences at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg. He was not involved in the study.
Olfactory receptors are small nerve endings located inside your nostrils that allow you to smell, he said.
"While we can't know with certainty why dogs developed such keen olfactory senses, it is very probably related with the need to identify prey, potential threats, reproductive status, and familial relationships in a pack setting among others," Freeman said.
Twenty pet dogs were recruited from around Belfast, Northern Ireland, and four completed the entire study.
Most of the dogs failed to finish because they either showed signs of anxiety when separated from their owner, or they were not able to stay focused the entire time.
If the canines in the study were raised from birth with the purpose of sniffing out stress, more dogs would have most likely finished the study, he said.
There was a male cocker spaniel, female cockapoo, male lurcher type, also known as a crossbred hound, and a female terrier type. Their ages ranged from 11 to 36 months.
All dogs have a strong sense of smell, but spaniels, terriers and lurchers would have likely used their olfactory receptors more regularly as hunting dogs, Freeman said. This could have been a factor in their success in the study, or it might be coincidental because others breeds like retrievers have excellent smelling skills as well.
Service dogs who assist people with mental health conditions like anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder may benefit from these findings, Wilson said.
"Knowing that there is a detectable odor component to stress may raise discussion into the value of scent-based training using samples from individuals in times of stress versus calm," she said.
More experimentation needs to be done outside of a laboratory to see how applicable the results of this study are in the real world, Wilson said.
These findings also open the door to future research to investigate if dogs can discriminate between emotions, plus how long the odors are detectable, she said.
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