More than 4,500 Canadians are waiting for an organ transplant and many will die before a suitable one becomes available. But new research is opening the door to a future where pigs could become a source for heart, lungs and other desperately needed organs.
Researchers in the U.S. have created gene-edited piglets that are free of viruses that could be harmful to humans 鈥� clearing one of the biggest hurdles preventing pig-to-human organ transplants.
It鈥檚 an exciting development, Dr. Atul Humar, the medical director of the University Health Network鈥檚 multi-organ transplant program, told CTV鈥檚 Your Morning Tuesday.
If researchers can find ways to safely transplant pig heart, lungs, livers and other organs into humans, 鈥渋t could really dramatically change鈥� the organ donor shortage problem, says Dr. Humar, who was not involved in this study.
Dr. Humar says pigs have long viewed as a potential source of organs.
鈥淭here are several reasons for using pigs. One is that their organs are about the same size as ours,鈥� he said. 鈥溾�︹�淭he other reason is we think they function about the same.鈥�
He notes doctors already transplant pig heart valves into human hearts, but there have been significant immunological and safety concerns that have prevented the transplant of entire organs.
The immunological concerns involve difficulties with blood-clotting and issues of our immune systems鈥� attempts to reject the organs.
But the larger issue has involved safety 鈥� specifically disease transmission. Humar says pigs have several retroviruses that have embedded themselves into their genomes that are difficult to eliminate.
In all, pigs have more than 25 Pervs, or Porcine endogenous retroviruses, permanently embedded in their genomes (Humans have plenty of our own endogenous retroviruses in our genomes too, as do many other animals.)
The Pervs cause no harm to the pigs but if they are introduced into humans, they could transmit new difficult-to-treat diseases, in much the way that AIDS -- also caused by a retrovirus -- was introduced into humans.
But now, researchers say have found a way to use genetic engineering to deactivate these retroviruses.
Earlier this month, scientists published in which they described how they had been able to inactivate all 25 viruses in the pig genome using a gene-editing system called CRISPR鈥揅as9.
Egenesis, the Massachusetts鈥揵ased biotechnology start-up that led the study, 鈥漴epresents an important advance in addressing safety concerns about cross-species viral transmission.鈥�
Dr. Humar says it will likely be a few years before the research could lead to clinical trials in humans, and years more before pig organ transplants could even begin.
But he says if the research goes well, pigs could become a new exciting source of donor hearts, lungs, kidneys, livers and more. That鈥檚 in part because pigs are plentiful and would only need to be a few months old before their organs would be ready for transplant.
鈥淚t鈥檚 also easy to grow pigs, to breed them, in large numbers to potentially have enough organs to meet that demand,鈥� Dr. Humar said.
He notes there are of course ethical issues with raising pigs simply for their organs. But he points out we already slaughter more a million pigs a year simply for their meat. So growing a few thousand more in sterile conditions for their organs is not that much different.
There is 鈥渄efinitely mixed reactions to the idea鈥� of using pig parts in humans, he said.
鈥淏ut we have so many people on our waiting lists who are so sick and who can wait for years for a suitable human donor and often pass away waiting. So that puts it in a different ethical light,鈥� he said.
