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A new study finds that gay men earn less than their heterosexual colleagues, while gay women earn more than straight women in similar jobs.

McGill University doctoral researchers Sean Waite and Nicole Denier used 2006 Census data and found the following wage gaps, even when controlling for differences like education, hours worked and occupation:

• Gay men earned about five per cent less on average than straight men
• Gay women earned about eight per cent more on average than straight women
• Gay women earned about nine per cent less than straight men (a much smaller gap than the 26 per cent gap women face overall compared to men)

Education, hours worked, occupation and industry were controlled for because the data also showed, for example, that gay women are twice as likely to have a bachelor鈥檚 degree than straight women, and gay men are less likely to end up some higher-paying industries like construction.

Waite says this leaves discrimination as the most likely explanation, and there is some qualitative research to back up that theory.

鈥淐ourt cases and attitudinal research show employers and customers, in some cases, have a preference for working with heterosexuals, so for gay men we think maybe this is explaining some of the wage disadvantage,鈥� he explains.

For gay women, previous research suggests their advantage over straight women has more to do with 鈥減erceptions of productivity,鈥� according to Waite.

鈥淓mployers perceive heterosexual women as most encumbered by marriage and having children,鈥� he says.

Gay women are less likely to be parents, and when they are, employers might not worry about their productivity because there are two women sharing the child rearing, he says.

The wage gap for gay men wasn鈥檛 present in the public sector (think teachers, nurses and government workers), adding weight to the idea that discrimination explains much of the pay disparity.

Waite believes that鈥檚 because of protections in the public sector against 鈥渁rbitrary evaluation鈥� and mechanisms to address potential discrimination.

鈥淔or example, in the public sector we have unions, more formally entrenched anti-discrimination legislation and a more rigid pay scale than the private sector.鈥�

The study is based on hundreds of thousands of couples who told 2006 Census takers they were married or living together (and were therefore also asked whether they were in heterosexual or same-sex relationships). It excluded visible minorities, immigrants and aboriginals as those groups are believed to experience discrimination for other reasons that may have been difficult to distinguish.

Waite says he and Denier believe the research could be used to decide whether sexual orientation should be included in federal employment equity legislation.

鈥淩ight now the Employment Equity Act includes women, visible minorities, aboriginals and people with disabilities, so employers have to go to some lengths to include these people,鈥� he says.

Waite says he and Denier also considered using more recent data (like the 2011 National Household Survey), but opted to publish based on the last Census because of fewer potential issues with the quality of the data.

The findings are consistent with similar studies done in other countries, he adds. 鈥淭he other studies in the U.S., Europe and Australia find the same pattern: that gay men earn less and lesbians earn more than their heterosexual counterparts.鈥�

The study Gay Pay For Straight Work: Mechanisms Generating Disadvantage is published in the journal Gender & Society.