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    • Venezuela oil czar in surprise resignation amid graft probes

    Venezuelan Petroleum Minister Tareck El Aissami arrives to a signing ceremony with California-based Chevron, in Caracas, Venezuela, on Dec. 2, 2022. (Matias Delacroix / AP) Venezuelan Petroleum Minister Tareck El Aissami arrives to a signing ceremony with California-based Chevron, in Caracas, Venezuela, on Dec. 2, 2022. (Matias Delacroix / AP)
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    CARACAS, Venezuela -

    The man responsible for running Venezuela's oil industry -- the one that pays for virtually everything in the troubled country, from subsidized food to ridiculously cheap gas -- has quit amid investigations into alleged corruption among officials in various parts of the government.

    Tareck El Aissami's announcement Monday was shocking on multiple counts. He was seen as a loyal ruling party member and considered a key figure in the government's efforts to evade punishing international economic sanctions.

    And he led the state oil company PDVSA in a Venezuelan business sector widely considered to be corrupt -- in a country where embezzelment, bribery, money laundering and other wrongdoing are a lifestyle.

    "Obviously, they are giving it the patina of an anti-corruption probe," said Ryan Berg, director of the Americas program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think tank.

    "Rule of law is not being advanced here," Berg added. "This is really a chance for the regime to sideline someone that it felt for some reason was a danger to it in the moment and to continue perpetuating acts of corruption once particular individuals have been forced out of the political scene."

    Hours after El Aissami revealed his resignation on Twitter, President Nicolas Maduro called his government's fight against corruption "bitter" and "painful." He said he accepted the resignation "to facilitate all the investigations that should result in the establishment of the truth, the punishment of the culprits, and justice in all these cases."

    Venezuela's National Anti-Corruption Police last week announced an investigation into unidentified public officials in the oil industry, the justice system and some local governments. Attorney General Tarek William Saab in a radio interview Monday said that at least a half dozen officials, including people affiliated with PDVSA, had been arrested, and he expected more to be detained.

    Among those arrested is Joselit Ramirez, a cryptocurrency regulator who was indicted in the U.S. along with El Aissami on money laundering charges in 2020.

    Corruption has long been rampant in Venezuela, which sits atop the world's largest petroleum reserves. But officials are rarely held accountable -- a major irritant to citizens, the majority of whom live on US$1.90 a day, the international benchmark of extreme poverty.

    "I assure you, even more so at this moment, when the country calls not only for justice but also for the strengthening of the institutions, we will apply the full weight of the law against these individuals," Saab said.

    Oil is Venezuela's most important industry. A windfall of hundreds of billions in oil dollars thanks to record-high global prices allowed the late President Hugo Chavez to launch numerous initiatives, including state-run food markets, new public housing, free health clinics and education programs.

    But a subsequent drop in prices and government mismanagement, first under Chavez's government and then Maduro's, ended the lavish spending. And so began a complex crisis that has pushed millions into poverty and driven more than 7 million Venezuela to migrate.

    PDVSA's mismanagement, and more recently economic sanctions imposed by the U.S., caused a steady production decline, going from the 3.5 million barrels a day when Chavez rose to power in 1999 to roughly 700,000 barrels a day last year.

    David Smilde, a Tulane University professor who has conducted extensive research on Venezuela, said the moves by Maduro's government are more than just an effort to clean its image.

    "Arresting important figures and accepting the resignation of one of the most powerful ministers in a case that involves $3 billion does not improve your image," he said. "It is probably because the missing money actually has an important impact on a government with serious budgetary problems."

    The Biden administration recently loosened some sanctions, even allowing oil giant Chevron for the first time in more than three years to resume production. Maduro's government has been negotiating with its U.S.-backed political opponents primarily to get the sanctions lifted.

    U.S. congressional researchers saw El Aissami as an impediment to Maduro's goals.

    "Should Al Aissami remain in that position, it could complicate efforts to lift oil sanctions," a November report from the Congressional Research Center said.

    The U.S. government designated El Aissami, a powerful Maduro ally, as a narcotics kingpin in 2017 in connection with activities in his previous positions as interior minister and a state governor. The Treasury Department alleged that "he oversaw or partially owned narcotics shipments of over 1,000 kilograms from Venezuela on multiple occasions, including those with the final destinations of Mexico and the United States."

    Under the government of Chavez, El Aissami headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs. He was appointed minister of oil in April 2020.

    "El Aissami was a key player in the Maduro government's sanctions evasion strategy. We're talking about someone who knows where all the bodies are buried, so it will be key to watch where he ends up," said Geoff Ramsey, a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council focused on Colombia and Venezuela. "If El Aissami ends up being implicated himself, it could have serious implications for the entire power structure."

    In September, Maduro's government renewed wrongdoing accusations against another former oil minister, Rafael Ramirez, alleging he was involved in a multibillion-dollar embezzlement operation during the early 2010s that took advantage of a dual currency exchange system. Ramirez, who oversaw the OPEC nation's oil industry for a decade, denied the accusations.

    In 2016, Venezuela's then opposition-led National Assembly said $11 billion went missing at PDVSA in the 2004-2014 period when Ramirez was in charge of the company. In 2015, the U.S. Treasury Department accused a bank in Andorra of laundering some $2 billion stolen from PDVSA.

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