MIAMI - One in four children in the United States is being raised by a single parent -- a percentage that has been on the rise and is higher than other developed countries, according to a report released Wednesday.
Of the 27 industrialized countries studied by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the U.S. had 25.8 per cent of children being raised by a single parent, compared with an average of 14.9 per cent across the other countries.
Ireland was second (24.3 per cent), followed by New Zealand (23.7 per cent). Greece, Spain, Italy and Luxemborg had among the lowest percentages of children in single-parent homes.
Experts point to a variety of factors to explain the high U.S. figure, including a cultural shift toward greater acceptance of single-parent child rearing. The U.S. also lacks policies to help support families, including childcare at work and national paid maternity leave, which are commonplace in other countries.
"When our parents married, there was a sense that you were marrying for life," said Edward Zigler, founder and director of Yale's Edward Zigler Center in Child Development and Social Policy. "That sense is not as prevalent."
Single parents in the U.S. were more likely to be employed -- 35.8 per cent compared to a 21.3 per cent average -- but they also had higher rates of poverty, the report found.
"The in-work poverty is higher in the U.S. than other OECD countries, because at the bottom end of the labour market, earnings are very low," said Willem Adema, a senior economist in the group's social policy division. "For parents, the risk is higher because they have to make expenditures on childcare costs."
The Paris-based organization looked at a broad sector of indicators that affected families and children, including childhood poverty, early education and amount of time spent on parental care.
Across the nations examined, preschool enrolment has grown from 30 to 50 per cent between 1998 and 2007. The average enrolment was 58.2 per cent, while in the U.S. it was lower.
The report noted that public spending on child welfare and education is higher in the U.S. than in other countries -- $160,000 per child compared with $149,000. However, the authors say most of that money is spent after the crucial early childhood years.
"This means early investment -- including childcare and support for families around the time of birth -- could be strengthened," the authors wrote in a separate paper examining the United States.
The study pointed out that the U.S. is the only OECD country that does not have a national paid parental leave policy. Some states have started to adopt such policies, but most parents are offered 12 weeks of unpaid leave. This is particularly difficult for single mothers, who may not be able to afford to take time off, Zigler said.
"We have not built in the kind of national support systems for families and children that other countries have," he said.
Childhood poverty rates in the U.S. are also expected to climb -- 23.5 per cent from 20 per cent. Adema said the rise is a direct result of the financial crisis and higher unemployment rates.
"The financial strain causes all sorts of other strain, so ultimately it might contribute to family dissolution," Adema said. "At the same time, it might bring some families together. I suspect that the response differs across families."
The single parent phenomenon has been occurring over recent decades. The study noted the U.S. and England have higher teenage birthrates than other countries, partially contributing to the higher single-parent numbers, though the proportion of children born outside marriage was not significantly higher than the other countries.
Christina Gibson Davis, a professor at Duke University's Sanford School of Public Policy, said changing gender roles, the rise of contraception, high incarceration rates in some communities and an acceptance of having children out of wedlock have all contributed to the growing number.
Terry O'Neill, president of the National Organization for Women, added it isn't being a single parent in itself that raises difficulties.
"Single moms do a brilliant and amazing job raising their children," said Terry O'Neill, president of the National Organization for Women. "It is also true that single moms in this country are systemically underpaid, and systematically under-resourced and systemically unrespected. It's not the fact they are single moms that makes things difficult."
